Ferrari's Leclerc recovered from missing most of the weekend's only practice session earlier on Friday to take second as he finished a tenth back from the Dutchman.

Lando Norris had appeared the most likely driver to deny Verstappen pole having topped SQ1 and SQ2 in his significantly upgraded McLaren but the Brit will only start ninth after struggling in SQ3.

Verstappen's team-mate Sergio Perez took third, while Daniel Ricciardo claimed a hugely impressive fourth for Red Bull's junior team RB as the Australian fights for his future in the sport.

Carlos Sainz was fifth for Ferrari ahead of McLaren's Piastri, while Lance Stroll claimed a rare qualifying victory over Aston Martin team-mate Fernando Alonso as they took seventh and eighth, respectively.

Mercedes, who also brought upgrades to the Miami International Autodrome, continued their dismal start to the season as both George Russell and Lewis Hamilton were knocked in SQ2.

The upgraded MCL38 had been the talk of the paddock on Friday morning as McLaren revealed what chief executive Zak Brown admitted is basically a B-spec car, such are the extent of the changes.

The new parts, which Norris had all of and team-mate Piastri only some of, appeared to be working as planned as the Brit showed strong pace to top SQ1 and SQ2 on medium tyres.

However, the mandatory switch to soft tyres for the final eight-minute shootout seemed to totally throw Norris off, as he was almost a full second slower than he had been in SQ2.

Verstappen was unable to achieve the near-perfect standard of performance he expects from himself and his team, but found almost 0.4s of improvement from SQ2 to SQ3 to go clear.

Given his own struggles, Verstappen sounded shocked as he was told over team radio that he had taken pole.

"LOL (laugh out loud)," he said. "What happened to the others? This was terrible. I mean I will take it!"

Speaking after the session, Verstappen explained: "It felt really terrible. Maybe that last session was just incredibly difficult to get the tyres to work.

"Already in SQ2 I didn't feel great. SQ3, it just felt quite similar for me. I didn't really improve on the soft. Somehow we were first. Of course, I happily take it."

Friday provided a snapshot of Leclerc's inconsistent start to the season as the Monegasque, who has been chosen over team-mate Sainz to remain as Hamilton's team-mate at Ferrari next year, missed almost the entirety of practice after an early spin.

With the sole practice session of a Sprint weekend being so crucial, missing so much of it appeared likely to be a major setback but Leclerc displayed his trademark one-lap speed to end the day on a high.

Mercedes woes continue despite upgrades

While not as significant as McLaren's upgrades, Mercedes brought a new floor and front suspension that they had hoped would enable the W15 to take a step forward.

However, there was little sign of improvement as neither Russell nor Hamilton were able to reach SQ3.

Hamilton, who couldn't be blamed at this point for letting his mind drift towards his move to Ferrari next year, cut a despondent figure at the end of his final flying lap attempt.

"I've got nothing," the seven-time world champion said over team radio.

Mercedes will hope that Friday's poor performance is a result of failing to optimise their upgrades, as opposed to the parts simply failing to address any of their issues.

The good news for the Silver Arrows is that F1's new Sprint format for 2024, which debuted in China last month, permits teams to make major setup changes as the cars are released from parc ferme after Saturday's 100km race and before qualifying for Sunday's Grand Prix.

With only the top eight scoring points in the Sprint, Mercedes will be fighting for scraps on Saturday but will hope something can be salvaged from the weekend when bigger prizes are available on Sunday.